OBJECTIVE: To compare the initial clinical, biological, and radiographic findings of early arthritis by positivity for rheumatoid factor (RF) and/or anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP), and to validate a patient profile based on this serologic information. METHODS: The ESPOIR cohort comprises patients presenting synovitis of at least 2 joints for 6 weeks to 6 months. Patients underwent testing for IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) and anti-CCP2 antibodies and were divided into 4 groups: RF- and anti-CCP- (group 1), RF+ and anti-CCP- (group 2), RF- and anti-CCP+ (group 3), RF+ and anti-CCP+ (group 4). We compared the groups in terms of clinical, biological, and radiographic features (baseline scores and 6-month and 12-month progression). RESULTS: Of the 813 recruited patients, 406 (50%) were in group 1, 91 (11.2%) in group 2, 34 (4.1%) in group 3, and 281 (34.6%) in group 4. Mean baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein were higher for anti-CCP+ groups (groups 3 and 4) than for other groups (p < 0.001), and van der Heijde-modified Sharp score for radiographs was higher for group 4 than for other groups (p < 0.001). Clinical presentation was not consistently associated with serologic profile. Radiographic progression at 1 year was higher for anti-CCP+ groups than other groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The phenotype of patients with early arthritis with or without anti-CCP and/or RF positivity did not correspond to a particular clinical presentation. However, baseline acute-phase reactants and short-term radiographic progression were high in patients with anti-CCP positivity, which may be associated with the inflammatory process and progressive disease in patients with early arthritis.