North Atlantic simulations in Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments phase II (CORE-II). Part II: Inter-annual to decadal variability
Gokhan Danabasoglu
(1)
,
Steve G. Yeager
(1)
,
Who M. Kim
,
Erik Behrens
(2)
,
Mats Bentsen
(3)
,
Daohua Bi
(4)
,
Arne Biastoch
(2)
,
Rainer Bleck
(5)
,
Claus W. Böning
(2)
,
Alexandra Bozec
(6)
,
Vittorio M. Canuto
(5)
,
Christophe Cassou
(7)
,
Eric P. Chassignet
(6)
,
Andrew C. Coward
(8)
,
Sergey Danilov
(9)
,
Nikolay Diansky
(10)
,
Helge Drange
(11)
,
Riccardo Farneti
(12)
,
Élodie Fernandez
,
Pier Giuseppe Fogli
(13)
,
Gael Forget
(14)
,
Yosuke Fujii
(15)
,
Stephen M. Griffies
(16)
,
Anatoly Gusev
,
Patrick Heimbach
,
Armando Howard
(5)
,
Mehmet Ilicak
(3)
,
Thomas Jung
,
Alicia R. Karspeck
,
Maxwell Kelley
(5)
,
William G. Large
(1)
,
Anthony Leboissetier
(5)
,
Jianhua Lu
(17)
,
Gurvan Madec
(18)
,
Simon J. Marsland
(4)
,
Simona Masina
,
Antonio Navarra
(19)
,
A. J. George Nurser
(20)
,
Anna Pirani
(21)
,
Anastasia Romanou
(5)
,
David Salas y Mélia
(22)
,
Bonita L. Samuels
(16)
,
Markus Scheinert
(23)
,
Dmitry Sidorenko
(9)
,
Shan Sun
,
Anne-Marie Treguier
(24)
,
Hiroyuki Tsujino
(15)
,
Petteri Uotila
(4)
,
Sophie Valcke
(7)
,
Aurore Voldoire
(22)
,
Qiang Wang
(25)
,
Igor Yashayaev
1
NCAR -
National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder]
2 GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel]
3 Uni Research Climate
4 CAWCR - Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research
5 GISS - NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
6 COAPS - Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies
7 CERFACS - Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique
8 NOC - National Oceanography Centre
9 AWI - Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung = Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research = Institut Alfred-Wegener pour la recherche polaire et marine
10 INM-RAS - Institute of Numerical Mathematics [Moscou]
11 UiB - University of Bergen
12 ICTP - Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics [Trieste]
13 CMCC - Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna]
14 MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
15 MRI - Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba]
16 GFDL - NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
17 PNNL - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
18 NEMO R&D - Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean
19 DMI - Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica [Perugia]
20 NOC - National Oceanography Centre [Southampton]
21 International CLIVAR
22 CNRM - Centre national de recherches météorologiques
23 IFM-GEOMAR - Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften
24 LPO - Laboratoire de physique des océans
25 BRIC - Biomedical Research Imaging Center [North Carolina]
2 GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel]
3 Uni Research Climate
4 CAWCR - Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research
5 GISS - NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
6 COAPS - Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies
7 CERFACS - Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique
8 NOC - National Oceanography Centre
9 AWI - Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung = Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research = Institut Alfred-Wegener pour la recherche polaire et marine
10 INM-RAS - Institute of Numerical Mathematics [Moscou]
11 UiB - University of Bergen
12 ICTP - Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics [Trieste]
13 CMCC - Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici [Bologna]
14 MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
15 MRI - Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba]
16 GFDL - NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
17 PNNL - Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
18 NEMO R&D - Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean
19 DMI - Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica [Perugia]
20 NOC - National Oceanography Centre [Southampton]
21 International CLIVAR
22 CNRM - Centre national de recherches météorologiques
23 IFM-GEOMAR - Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften
24 LPO - Laboratoire de physique des océans
25 BRIC - Biomedical Research Imaging Center [North Carolina]
Who M. Kim
- Fonction : Auteur
Christophe Cassou
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 180762
- IdHAL : christophe-cassou
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5164-1612
- IdRef : 160545137
Élodie Fernandez
- Fonction : Auteur
Anatoly Gusev
- Fonction : Auteur
Patrick Heimbach
- Fonction : Auteur
Thomas Jung
- Fonction : Auteur
Alicia R. Karspeck
- Fonction : Auteur
Gurvan Madec
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 184227
- IdHAL : gurvan-madec
- ORCID : 0000-0002-6447-4198
- IdRef : 093547978
Simona Masina
- Fonction : Auteur
Shan Sun
- Fonction : Auteur
Petteri Uotila
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 770645
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2939-7561
Aurore Voldoire
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 758099
- ORCID : 0000-0001-9585-7792
- IdRef : 091476356
Qiang Wang
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 764844
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9654-0268
Igor Yashayaev
- Fonction : Auteur
Résumé
Simulated inter-annual to decadal variability and trends in the North Atlantic for the 1958–2007 period from twenty global ocean – sea-ice coupled models are presented. These simulations are performed as contributions to the second phase of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments (CORE-II). The study is Part II of our companion paper (Danabasoglu et al., 2014) which documented the mean states in the North Atlantic from the same models. A major focus of the present study is the representation of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variability in the participating models. Relationships between AMOC variability and those of some other related variables, such as subpolar mixed layer depths, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Labrador Sea upper-ocean hydrographic properties, are also investigated. In general, AMOC variability shows three distinct stages. During the first stage that lasts until the mid- to late-1970s, AMOC is relatively steady, remaining lower than its long-term (1958–2007) mean. Thereafter, AMOC intensifies with maximum transports achieved in the mid- to late-1990s. This enhancement is then followed by a weakening trend until the end of our integration period. This sequence of low frequency AMOC variability is consistent with previous studies. Regarding strengthening of AMOC between about the mid-1970s and the mid-1990s, our results support a previously identified variability mechanism where AMOC intensification is connected to increased deep water formation in the subpolar North Atlantic, driven by NAO-related surface fluxes. The simulations tend to show general agreement in their temporal representations of, for example, AMOC, sea surface temperature (SST), and subpolar mixed layer depth variabilities. In particular, the observed variability of the North Atlantic SSTs is captured well by all models. These findings indicate that simulated variability and trends are primarily dictated by the atmospheric datasets which include the influence of ocean dynamics from nature superimposed onto anthropogenic effects. Despite these general agreements, there are many differences among the model solutions, particularly in the spatial structures of variability patterns. For example, the location of the maximum AMOC variability differs among the models between Northern and Southern Hemispheres.