An assessment of global and regional sea level for years 1993–2007 in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations
Stephen M. Griffies
(1)
,
Jianjun Yin
(2)
,
Paul J. Durack
(3)
,
Paul Goddard
(2)
,
Susan C. Bates
(4)
,
Erik Behrens
(5)
,
Mats Bentsen
(6)
,
Daohua Bi
(7)
,
Arne Biastoch
(5)
,
Claus W. Boning
(5)
,
Alexandre Bozec
(8)
,
Eric Chassignet
(8)
,
Gokhan Danabasoglu
(4)
,
Sergey Danilov
(9)
,
Catia M. Domingues
(9)
,
Helge Drange
(10)
,
Riccardo Farneti
(11)
,
Elodie Fernandez
(12)
,
Richard J. Greatbatch
(5)
,
David M. Holland
(13)
,
Mehmet Ilicak
(6)
,
William G. Large
(4)
,
Katja Lorbacher
(7)
,
Jianhua Lu
(8)
,
Simon J. Marsland
(7)
,
Akhilesh Mishra
(8)
,
A. J. George Nurser
(14)
,
David Salas y Melia
(15)
,
Jaime B. Palter
(16)
,
Bonita L. Samuels
(1)
,
Jens Schroter
(9)
,
Franziska U. Schwarzkopf
(5)
,
Dmitry Sidorenko
(9)
,
Anne-Marie Treguier
(17)
,
Yu-Heng Tseng
(4)
,
Hiroyuki Tsujino
(18)
,
Petteri Uotila
(7)
,
Sophie Valcke
(12)
,
Aurore Voldoire
(15)
,
Wang Qian
(9)
,
Michael Winton
(1)
,
Xuebin Zhang
(19)
1
GFDL -
NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
2 Department of Geosciences [University of Arizona]
3 Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison
4 NCAR - National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder]
5 GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel]
6 Uni Research Climate
7 CAWCR - Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research
8 COAPS - Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies
9 AWI - Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung = Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research = Institut Alfred-Wegener pour la recherche polaire et marine
10 UiB - University of Bergen
11 ICTP - Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics [Trieste]
12 CERFACS - Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique
13 NYU - New York University [New York]
14 NOC - National Oceanography Centre [Southampton]
15 CNRM - Centre national de recherches météorologiques
16 McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]
17 LPO - Laboratoire de physique des océans
18 MRI - Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba]
19 CSIRO - CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research
2 Department of Geosciences [University of Arizona]
3 Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison
4 NCAR - National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder]
5 GEOMAR - Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel]
6 Uni Research Climate
7 CAWCR - Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research
8 COAPS - Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies
9 AWI - Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung = Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research = Institut Alfred-Wegener pour la recherche polaire et marine
10 UiB - University of Bergen
11 ICTP - Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics [Trieste]
12 CERFACS - Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique
13 NYU - New York University [New York]
14 NOC - National Oceanography Centre [Southampton]
15 CNRM - Centre national de recherches météorologiques
16 McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]
17 LPO - Laboratoire de physique des océans
18 MRI - Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba]
19 CSIRO - CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research
Alexandre Bozec
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 760282
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8576-3052
- IdRef : 095272577
Eric Chassignet
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 770644
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4710-7502
David Salas y Melia
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 844273
Petteri Uotila
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 770645
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2939-7561
Xuebin Zhang
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 764333
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1731-3524
Résumé
We provide an assessment of sea level simulated in a suite of global ocean-sea ice models using the interannual CORE atmospheric state to determine surface ocean boundary buoyancy and momentum fluxes. These CORE-II simulations are compared amongst themselves as well as to observation-based estimates. We focus on the final 15 years of the simulations (1993–2007), as this is a period where the CORE-II atmospheric state is well sampled, and it allows us to compare sea level related fields to both satellite and in situ analyses. The ensemble mean of the CORE-II simulations broadly agree with various global and regional observation-based analyses during this period, though with the global mean thermosteric sea level rise biased low relative to observation-based analyses. The simulations reveal a positive trend in dynamic sea level in the west Pacific and negative trend in the east, with this trend arising from wind shifts and regional changes in upper 700 m ocean heat content. The models also exhibit a thermosteric sea level rise in the subpolar North Atlantic associated with a transition around 1995/1996 of the North Atlantic Oscillation to its negative phase, and the advection of warm subtropical waters into the subpolar gyre. Sea level trends are predominantly associated with steric trends, with thermosteric effects generally far larger than halosteric effects, except in the Arctic and North Atlantic. There is a general anti-correlation between thermosteric and halosteric effects for much of the World Ocean, associated with density compensated changes.