G. R. Almany and S. R. Connolly, Connectivity, biodiversity conservation and the design of marine reserve networks for coral reefs, Coral Reefs, vol.42, issue.2, pp.339-351, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00338-009-0484-x

J. M. Anderies, B. H. Walker, and A. P. Kinzig, Fifteen weddings and a funeral: case studies and resilience-based management', Ecology and Society 11: 21, 2006.

A. R. Baco and A. A. Rowden, Initial characterization of cold seep faunal communities on the New Zealand Hikurangi margin, Marine Geology, vol.272, issue.1-4, pp.252-259, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.margeo.2009.06.015

E. T. Baker and R. A. Feely, Hydrothermal plumes along the East Pacific Rise, 8??40??? to 11??50???N: Plume distribution and relationship to the apparent magmatic budget, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.128, issue.1-2, pp.1-17, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90022-1

E. T. Baker and C. R. German, On the global distribution of hydrothermal vent fields', in Mid-Ocean Ridges: Hydrothermal Interactions Between the Lithosphere and Oceans, Geophysical Monograph Series 148, pp.245-266, 2004.

G. Boland, Challenges in Adaptive Management: Chemosynthetic Communities in the Gulf of Mexico', Sea Grant Law and, Policy Journal, vol.3, pp.19-30, 2010.

L. W. Botsford, A. Hastings, and S. D. Gaines, Dependence of sustainability on the configuration of marine reserves and larval dispersal distance, Ecology Letters, vol.69, issue.2, pp.144-150, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00208.x

L. Botsford, F. Micheli, and A. M. Parma, Biological and Ecological Considerations in the Design, Implementation and Success of MPAs', Expert Workshop on Marine Protected Areas and Fisheries Management: Review of Issues and Considerations, 2007.

F. Cardigos and A. Colaço, Shallow water hydrothermal vent field fluids and communities of the D. Jo??o de Castro Seamount (Azores), Chemical Geology, vol.224, issue.1-3, pp.153-168, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.07.019

M. H. Carr and J. E. Neigel, COMPARING MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF COASTAL MARINE RESERVES, Ecological Applications, vol.13, issue.sp1, pp.90-107, 2003.
DOI : 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0090:CMATEI]2.0.CO;2

J. T. Copley, P. B. Jorgensen, and R. A. Sohn, Assessment of decadal-scale ecological change at a deep Mid-Atlantic hydrothermal vent and reproductive time-series in the shrimp Rimicaris exoculata, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, vol.87, issue.04, pp.859-867, 2007.
DOI : 10.1017/S0025315407056512

E. E. Cordes and S. L. Carney, Cold seeps of the deep Gulf of Mexico: Community structure and biogeographic comparisons to Atlantic equatorial belt seep communities, Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.54, issue.4, pp.637-653, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.dsr.2007.01.001

D. Desbruyères and M. Biscoito, Variations in deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near the Azores plateau, Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.48, issue.5, pp.1325-1346, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0967-0637(00)00083-2

S. Dupré and J. Woodside, Seafloor geological studies above active gas chimneys off Egypt (Central Nile Deep Sea Fan)', Deep Sea Research Part I, pp.1146-1172, 2007.

C. Ehler and F. Douvere, Marine Spatial Planning: a step-by-step approach toward ecosystem-based management', Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and Man and the Biosphere Programme, IOC Manual and Guides No. 53, ICAM Dossier No, 2001.

L. Glowka, Putting marine scientific research on a sustainable footing at hydrothermal vents, Marine Policy, vol.27, issue.4, pp.303-312, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0308-597X(03)00042-3

J. Greinert and D. F. Mcginnis, Atmospheric methane flux from bubbling seeps: Spatially extrapolated quantification from a Black Sea shelf area, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.79, issue.C5, pp.10-1029, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/2009JC005381

J. Halfar and R. M. Fujita, ECOLOGY: Danger of Deep-Sea Mining, Science, vol.316, issue.5827, p.987, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1138289

B. S. Halpern, THE IMPACT OF MARINE RESERVES: DO RESERVES WORK AND DOES RESERVE SIZE MATTER?, Ecological Applications, vol.13, issue.sp1, pp.117-137, 2003.
DOI : 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0117:TIOMRD]2.0.CO;2

B. Halpern and R. R. Warner, Matching marine reserve design to reserve objectives, Proceedings of the Royal Society, pp.1871-1878, 2003.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2003.2405

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691459

P. Hoagland and S. Beaulieu, Deep-sea mining of seafloor massive sulfides, Marine Policy, vol.34, issue.3, pp.728-732, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpol.2009.12.001

P. Jackson, J. Ledwell, and . Thurnherr, Dispersion of a tracer on the East Pacific Rise 9ºN and 10ºN, including the influence of hydrothermal plumes. Deep-Sea Research Part I, pp.37-52, 2010.

A. T. Jones and C. L. Morgan, Code of Practice For Ocean Mining: An International Effort to Develop a Code For Environmental Management of Marine Mining, Marine Geosciences and Geotechnology, pp.105-114, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/716100483

G. P. Jones and G. R. Almany, Larval retention and connectivity among populations of corals and reef fishes: history, advances and challenges, Coral Reefs, vol.56, issue.10, pp.307-325, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00338-009-0469-9

A. Judd and M. Hovland, Seabed fluid flow: the impact on geology, biology and the marine environment, p.pp, 2007.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511535918

D. M. Kaplan and L. W. Botsford, Effects of variability in spacing of coastal marine reserves on fisheries yield and sustainability, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol.62, issue.4, pp.905-912, 2005.
DOI : 10.1139/f04-243

B. Kinlan and S. D. Gaines, PROPAGULE DISPERSAL IN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS: A COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE, Ecology, vol.84, issue.8, pp.2007-2020, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00346739

D. Laffoley, K. Gjerde, and L. Wood, Progress on marine protected areas since Durban and future directions, pp.13-22, 2008.

J. W. Lavelle and A. M. Thurnherr, Deep ocean circulation and transport where the East Pacific Rise at 9???10??N meets the Lamont seamount chain, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.14, issue.C12, p.25, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/2010JC006426

D. K. Leary, International Law and the Genetic Resources of the Deep Sea, p.297, 2007.

D. R. Lockwood, A. Hastings, and L. W. Botsford, The Effects of Dispersal Patterns on Marine Reserves: Does the Tail Wag the Dog?, Theoretical Population Biology, vol.61, issue.3, pp.297-309, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/tpbi.2002.1572

J. Lupton, Hydrothermal helium plumes in the Pacific Ocean, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.91, issue.suppl. 1, pp.15853-15868, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98JC00146

I. R. Macdonald and J. F. Reilly, Remote sensing inventory of active oil seeps and chemosynthetic communities in the northern Gulf of Mexico Hydrocarbon Migration and its Near- Surface Expression, AAPG Memoir, vol.66, pp.27-37, 1996.

A. G. Marsh, L. S. Mullineaux, C. M. Young, and D. T. Manahan, Larval dispersal potential of the tubeworm Riftia pachyptila at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, Nature, vol.411, issue.6833, pp.77-80, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35075063

D. J. Mcgillicuddy and J. W. Lavelle, Larval dispersion along an axially symmetric mid-ocean ridge. Deep-Sea Research Part, pp.880-892, 2010.

L. Naudts, M. De-batist, J. Greinert, and Y. Artemov, Geo-and hydroacoustic manifestations of shallow gas and gas seeps in the Dnepr paleodelta, northwestern Black Sea', The Leading Edge, pp.1030-1040, 2010.

L. Naudts and J. Greinert, Geological and morphological setting of 2778 methane seeps in the Dnepr paleo-delta, northwestern Black Sea, Marine Geology, vol.227, issue.3-4, p.1770199, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.margeo.2005.10.005

S. R. Palumbi, POPULATION GENETICS, DEMOGRAPHIC CONNECTIVITY, AND THE DESIGN OF MARINE RESERVES, Ecological Applications, vol.13, issue.sp1, pp.146-158, 2003.
DOI : 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0146:PGDCAT]2.0.CO;2

R. Person and L. Beranzoli, ESONET: An European sea observatory initiative', Oceans 2008 -Mts/IEEE Kobe Techno-Ocean Vols 1-3, pp.1215-1220, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/oceanskobe.2008.4531109

E. Ramirez-llodra and P. A. Tyler, Man and the Last Great Wilderness: Human Impact on the Deep Sea, PLoS ONE, vol.24, issue.8, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0022588.s003

M. C. Ribeiro, The ???Rainbow???: The First National Marine Protected Area Proposed Under the High Seas, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, vol.25, issue.2, pp.183-207, 2010.
DOI : 10.1163/157180910X12665776638669

C. M. Roberts and J. A. Bohnsack, Effects of Marine Reserves on Adjacent Fisheries, Science, vol.294, issue.5548, pp.1920-1923, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.294.5548.1920

R. S. Santos and F. Tempera, Towards planning of seafloor observatory programs for the MAR region (Proceedings of the II MoMAR Workshop)', Arquipélago-Life and Marine Sciences, Ponta Delgada, pp.972-8612, 2002.

R. S. Santos and A. , Planning the Management of Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Fields MPAs in the Azores Triple Junction, Arquipélago ? Life and Marine Sciences, 2003.

R. S. Santos and A. Colaço, Background Document for Oceanic ridges with hydrothermal vents/fields, Biodiversity Series, OSPAR Commission, p.17, 2010.

R. S. Santos and F. Tempera, Mountains in the sea, pp.146-147, 2010.

E. R. Selig and J. F. Bruno, A Global Analysis of the Effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas in Preventing Coral Loss, PLoS ONE, vol.318, issue.2, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0009278.s008

A. L. Shanks, B. Grantham, and M. H. Carr, PROPAGULE DISPERSAL DISTANCE AND THE SIZE AND SPACING OF MARINE RESERVES, Ecological Applications, vol.13, issue.sp1, pp.159-169, 2003.
DOI : 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0159:PDDATS]2.0.CO;2

K. G. Speer, M. E. Maltrud, and A. M. Thurnherr, A Global View of Dispersion Above the Mid-Ocean Ridge, Energy and Mass Transfer in Marine Hydrothermal Systems, pp.287-302, 2003.

S. J. Teck and B. S. Halpern, Using expert judgment to estimate marine ecosystem vulnerability in the California Current, Ecological Applications, vol.20, issue.5, pp.1402-1416, 2010.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1132294

A. M. Thurnherr and G. Reverdin, Hydrography and flow in the Lucky Strike segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Journal of Marine Research, vol.66, issue.3, pp.347-372, 2008.
DOI : 10.1357/002224008786176034

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00468075

A. Thurnherr, J. Ledwell, J. Lavelle, and L. Mullineaux, Hydrography and circulation near the crest of the East Pacific Rise between 9?? and 10??N, Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.58, issue.4, pp.365-376, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.dsr.2011.01.009

C. L. Van-dover and C. R. German, Evolution and Biogeography of Deep-Sea Vent and Seep Invertebrates, Science, vol.295, issue.5558, pp.1253-1257, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1067361

P. Verlaan, The International Marine Mineral Society's Code for Environmental Management of Marine Mining', Offshore Technology Conference DOI: 10, p.20914, 2010.

S. Annex, . Arnaud, F. *. Ifremer, Y. Beaudoin, U. Arendal et al., International Seabed Authority, Jamaica* Fabio DeLeo The Kaplan Fund