Lithium ion battery Negative electrode Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Electrodes Cycling stability Electrolyte Microstructure Electrical conductivity LiFePO4 Electrochemical capacitor GGA+U Binder Diazonium chemistry Capacitance Grafting Lithium batteries NMR Fermi contact Aqueous electrolyte Positive electrode Electrochemical performance Organic electrode materials Ionogels Micro-supercapacitor Power performance CO2 electrolysis Impedance spectroscopy MAS NMR MnO2 Current collector Exsolution Transition metals Electrolytes Raman spectroscopy Magnetron sputtering Titanium nitride Micro-supercapacitors Pseudocapacitance Plasma Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Microbatteries Electrode Coating Lithium battery Failure mechanism Graphite Vanadium nitride Manganese dioxide Lithium ion batteries Supercapacitor Nickel oxide Fuel cell FeWO 4 Porous silicon Silicon Cyclic voltammetry Graphene DFT Lithium-ion batteries Li-ion batteries Li-ion battery Microdevice EIS DFT calculations Organic battery Cycle performance Ionic liquid electrolytes CVD Crystal structure Diazonium Batteries SOFC Thin films FIB/SEM Activated carbon Anodes Anode Diazonium salts Supercapacitors Interface Organic batteries SOEC Fe Electrochemical electrodes Intercalation Lithium-ion battery XPS Degradation Electrochemical capacitors Operando Energy storage Perovskite Ionic conductivity Electrode material Ionic liquid Redox-active amine Electrochemistry Photovoltaics Sputtering Chemical vapor deposition